TYPES OF SOCIAL ORGANISATION PRODUCTION

TYPES OF SOCIAL ORGANISATION PRODUCTION

PRIMITIVE COMMUNALISM

Primitive communalism; was the first mode of production in which the major means of production were owned and shared by all members of the society. Under communalism the interest of the small groups are considered an individual.

The non productive members of the society such as the elders, disabled and children were exempted from the work due to their disabilities. The invention of agricultural tools encouraged to people to cultivate bigger plots of land. Rapid increases in population also encouraged people increase their farms so as to get more food which could feed the growing population.

Some of African societies in present days are still practicing communal mode of production. These include:

Ø  The Tindiga and Hadzabe of Singida and Lake  Mayara and Central Tanzania.

Ø  The Dorobo (Okiek) of Maumau forest and Tesoin Uganda.

Ø  The Mbali found in the equatorial rain forest of Congo DRC.

Ø  The bushman (san) of South Africa.

Ø  The Khoikhoi of Kalahari desert of Botswana.

Ø  The Tur of Ghana

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNALISM

1.      Absence of exploitation; There was no exploitation among the people in a community. All the able bodied members of the society worked hard and shared what they produced

2.      Low level of production; The level of productive forces were low hence none or very little surplus was produced. The implements used in food procurement were crude and simple.

3.      Dependence on nature; In communalism life was entirely dependent on nature there fore the environment dictated how man lived

4.      Communal ownership; The  communal ownership of properties was a major characteristic of communalism. The major means of production like land, tools, and minerals were owned by the community.

5.      Hunting and gathering; This was main occupation in these communities people were grouped together in collective groups known as hunting bands to facilitate this means of production. This later led to the development of stock raising and agriculture then it brought the division of labour.

6.      Lack of specialization; Because of limitation of their science and technology (knowledge) these people learnt to perform all types of work. They worked together in making roots, hunting and looking  for food later on very simple division of labour based on gender occurred.

7.      Learning by doing; People in communal societies shared knowledge. This was acquire through learning by doing, youth and children  obtained skills and knowledge from the elders.